The Right Way to Stake a Tree

Tree staking is never done with the intention of harming a tree. On the contrary, staking a tree reflects a desire to promote root and trunk growth and may protect a young tree from severe weather damage.  But improper staking can hurt a tree. Fast Facts The three cardinal sins of tree staking:Staking too highStaking too tightlyStaking too long Risks of Staking Some tree planters dont understand that rather than help a trees root and trunk growth, improper tree staking can have negative consequences and could undermine a supportive trunk and root system. When an artificial supporting system is attached to a sapling, it prevents the wind-bending exercise needed to make trunk cells more flexible and to encourage spreading root support. The tree will put most of its resources into growing taller but discourage growth in trunk diameter and root spread. When the stakes are removed, a lack of trunk and root development could make the tree a prime candidate to be broken or blown down in the first good windstorm. It would have lost the supportive protection of natural development. Improper Staking Although trees staked improperly will grow  taller, trunk caliper or diameter will decrease, a loss that will result in a weakness the tree cannot overcome during  stressful  weather  conditions. Related to trunk diameter is taper, the reduction in trunk diameter from the butt to the top. A tree grown under natural conditions develops a genetically coded taper or trunk form that serves for a lifetime. Staking a tree causes less trunk taper and possibly even a reverse taper. Under this restricted condition, a trees xylem, the woody vascular tissue that carries water and minerals throughout the tree, will grow unevenly and yield a smaller root system, resulting in problems with water and nutrient uptake. The same thing can happen if the tree rubs on or is girdled by overly tight stake ties. Then, after the stakes are removed, the tree will be more likely to snap in high winds. When to Stake Most correctly dug balled and burlaped trees or container-grown  tree seedlings and saplings dont need staking. If youre planting bare-root seedlings  on a questionable site, you might consider staking them for a short time. If trees must be staked, attach  the stakes to the tree as low as possible but no higher than two-thirds the height of the tree. Materials used to tie the tree to the stakes should be flexible and allow for movement all the way down to the ground so that trunk taper develops correctly. Remove all staking material after roots have established. This can be as early as a few months  after planting but should be no longer than one growing season. Notes From a Horticulture Expert Linda Chalker-Scott, who has a doctorate in horticulture from Washington State University, says there are several reasons why people improperly stake trees: Containerized nursery trees often are staked for stability, and many consumers don’t understand that the staking material should be removed upon transplanting.Oral and written information from some retail nurseries instructs customers to stake their trees, whether or not they should. These instructions are sometimes incorrect and unnecessary.Some landscape architect specs describe outdated staking procedures that are followed by landscape installation companies.Little to no aftercare is provided for many tree installations. Without a management plan as part of an installation agreement, staking materials wont be removed at the appropriate time, if ever. According to Chalker-Scot: The first two practices are probably responsible for most incorrect staking in home landscapes, while the last two factors are probably responsible for most incorrect staking in public and commercial landscapes.

`` On Liberty `` By John Stuart Mill - 1458 Words

John Stuart Mill was an English philosopher and a progressive in British politics during the 17th century. He lived during a time of political transformation in England caused by the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought social mobility to the middle and lower class, along with more political participation. With this newfound freedom, the people of England felt their liberties were being diminished because they had the ability to accomplish all the more but in some cases, could not. This was just one question of liberty brought up during the time Mill was developing intellectually (Sparks 186). Mill wrote many works that trifled with the idea of gender equality, government structure, and economic principles, to name a†¦show more content†¦The largest and arguably most influential point Mill makes in his essay is that the harm principle does not only apply to the government anymore but to all of society. In making this argument he is defining societal value s in that it shaped areas in which society must respect personal liberties. He constructs his statement on how the harm principle is applied to society in three parts. His first assertion pertains to the liberty of one’s own mind. He states, â€Å"the inward domain of consciousness; demanding liberty of conscience, in the most comprehensive sense; liberty of thought and feeling; absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects, practical or speculative, scientific, moral, or theological† (Mill 20). In saying this, Mill means that a person’s liberty cannot be persecuted if they never act on them. Any thoughts a man may have are his own thoughts and he may think whatever he would like to think. This has shaped societal values because no one is truly obligated to share what they think today, nor is it a societal norm to criticize one’s opinions if they differ from your own but it does happen. His second statement addresses the control one individual can have over another. He claims that an individual can plan their life as they please, and should not be met with the pressure of what others may see as being abnormal (Mill 20). By saying this, Mill expresses theShow MoreRelatedThe On Liberty By John Stuart Mills2164 Words   |  9 Pages ON LIBERTY In John Stuart Mills’ profound work, On Liberty he preaches against the conformity of the nations and outwardly encourages and restlessly defends voice of the individual. The philosopher expresses the importance of individuality by warning against forces such as the government and other citizens silencing their opinion. Though Mill’s gives due recognition to virtues such as free speech, liberty and individualism he also rightly places limitations on our freedoms to ensureRead MoreIndividualism And Liberty By John Stuart Mill1196 Words   |  5 Pages In the essay, Liberty, written by John Stuart Mill, Mill states that individualism is the theory that â€Å"[o]ver himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign† (7). Before coming to this conclusion, Mill first explains that individualism and liberty were defined in ways far different from definitions now and that true individualism did not exist until later in history. It takes him several paragraphs and even chapters to finally suggest that a man, by himself, is free to do whatRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty1700 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Stuart Mill’s â€Å"On Liberty† essay, published in 1859, portrays Mill’s perception of liberty with an emphasis on individuality. He explicitly states at the start of the essay that the main point is to â€Å"govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control† (5). His push to establish the basic guidelines for the relationship between a uthority and liberty is a result of his ethical theory of utilitarianism. Throughout the course of this essay, Mill providesRead MoreWithin On Liberty By John Stuart Mill1312 Words   |  6 PagesWithin On Liberty by John Stuart Mill, the notion of individuality and one s abilities to make choices for himself contradicts the notion of evolution within Edward O. Wilson’s Consilience. Mill’s beliefs derive from social interaction and experience in which the individual can decide for himself what is right versus what is wrong and can act upon what he believes to be the best option. Whereas, Wilson’s views coincide with the idea that individuals generate decisions based off of historically discoveredRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his p hilosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we wouldRead MoreJohn Locke And John Stuart Mill s On Liberty Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical philosophers over time have developed their own conceptions of liberty and the relationship of individuals to not only society, but also the state. Political philosophers such as, Aristotle and Plato have more of an ancient conception of liberty and the role the individual plays in society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and society. Plato’s work theRead MoreJohn Locke And John Stuart Mill s On Liberty Essay1200 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesPolitical Philosophers over time have developed their own conceptions of liberty and the relationship of individuals to not only society, but also the state. Political Philosophers such as, Aristotle and Plato have more of an ancient conception of liberty and the role the individual plays in society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and society. Plato’s work theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Text On Liberty By John Stuart Mill1642 Words   |  7 PagesAccording the text ‘On Liberty’ by John Stuart Mill, his position with respect to free speech is that even one person had a specific opinion, mankind is not given grounds to silence him. Mill’s argument regarding free speech is valid because he protects the liberty of the individual over the popular opinion of society. I agree with Mill’s point of view because I also believe that everyone should have the voice to express what they wish, excluding when it causes harm to others. Mill begins the text byRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis of On Liberty by John Stuart Mill1638 Words   |  7 PagesA Rhetorical Analysis of On Liberty John Stuart Mill, an English philosopher and a political economist, had an important part in forming liberal thought in the 19th century. Mill published his best-known work, _On Liberty,_ in 1859. This foundational book discusses the concept of liberty. It talks about the nature and the limits of the power performed by society over an individual. The book also deals with the freedom of people to engage in whatever they wish as long as it does not harm otherRead More John Stuart Mill on Individual Liberty Essay2353 Words   |  10 PagesJohn Stuart Mill on Individual Liberty Definition of Individual liberty In his work On Liberty, Mill placed much emphasis on individual liberty and its vital role in political society. To Mill, this phrase may be defined as the liberty of the individual to be the final judge over his actions; to decide what is right and wrong and to act upon that standard. On a secondary level, it also implies ones freedom to pursue ones own individuality. Mill believed in a society in which each individual

The members themselves Essay Example For Students

The members themselves Essay Select two approaches/methods for working with clients/users, which have been discussed on the course. In a comparative discussion provide a justification for which approach would be more effective at empowering the client/user. In this essay I aim to contrast and then compare the methods of both person centred counselling and group work to provide a justification of which approach would be more empowering to a service user. The way I have decided to structure this essay is to describe each approach separately, starting off with an outline of their backgrounds followed by an account of their theories and how they are applied to service users and then justify which approach would be more effective at empowering. The person centred approach, is the approach developed by Carl Rogers, and is sometimes for that reason called Rogerian counselling or therapy. It is an approach that recognises the innate potential of each individual to resolve his or her difficulties. The intention is to support and enable the service user to formulate their own solutions and apply them of their own choice. Most of us are far more creative than we realise, and in the pressure and tension of daily life lose sight of our greatest asset and resource, which is ourselves. What the Person Centred approach aims to provide is that if we approach another person in a certain way, we can enable them to grow and develop and work through any problems they may have. And the suggestion is really that any approach, which is genuinely going to help people, must involve working in that same way. People centred approach entails three qualities; the first quality is empathy; many people believe that this is the single quality, which is most important in all forms of therapeutic listening. It means getting inside the world of the person who comes for therapy, so that the person feels accepted and understood. Two things are important about this, firstly that the empathy should be accurate, and secondly that the empathy should be made known to the client. Both of these are learnable skills, and they do make a huge difference to the relationship between service user and counsellor or therapist. The second quality is genuineness, if empathy is about listening to the service user; genuineness is about listening to yourself, really tuning in to yourself and being aware of all that is going on inside yourself. It means being open to your own experience, not shutting off any of it. And again it means letting this out in such a way that the service user can get the benefit of it. Genuineness is harder than empathy because it implies a lot of self-knowledge, which can really, only be obtained by going through ones own therapy in quite a full and deep way. It is the term, a fully functioning person, Rogers word for the person who has completed at least the major part of their therapy who can be totally genuine. The third quality is unconditional positive regard, it means that the service user can feel received in a human way, which is not threatening. In such an atmosphere trust can develop, and the service user can feel able to open up to their own experiences and their own feelings. In a therapeutic situation where these qualities are operating, Rogers found, clients go through a sequence of stages that more and more closely approach being fully functioning persons, able to take charge of their own lives and really be themselves. The approach is unique in its own way, because when using the approach with a service user/ client the counsellor/ therapist does not intervene and has no intention of intervening. The service user/ client is given the freedom to take control of his or her own problems, and direct him or her towards a solution. .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 , .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .postImageUrl , .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 , .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702:hover , .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702:visited , .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702:active { border:0!important; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702:active , .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702 .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8fb682401da1bf9b819de1b4c13ba702:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Judicial Activism EssayThe basic concept is that the counsellor/ therapist trusts the actualising tendency of the service user and truly believes that the service user/ client, who experiences this trust and warmth, would eventually resolve his or her own problems. The sole aim of the person centred is to make possible of personal growth through the relationship between the therapist and the client. Group work is founded to be one the most effective way of integrating members together with a shared or common problem. Social workers, counsellors and therapists are using group work methods with clients or user groups to promote a change or to provide therapeutic therapy; group work can also be a form of method used by professionals, of aiding a group or members of a group toward individual adjustment and increased participation in community activity by making use of the mechanisms of group life, as suggested by Payne (1991 p24) group work aims to, provide settings enabling individuals to use the group or environment to gain personal competences and perhaps insight to function more effectively in groups and in ordinary life. . The composition of groups varies as well, with family therapy and marriage counselling common forms in recent years. Peer group therapy usually consists of a group of individuals who have similar problems, and can be mediated by a psychoanalyst or by the members themselves. Many people seeking help prefer this sort of group therapy to individual therapy, largely because of the comfort derived from knowing that others share their problems.

The Crucible Essay Paper Example For Students

The Crucible Essay Paper The most powerful character in this scene was Abigail, who was played by Abby. She used strong gestures and strong facial expressions to show that she was the most dominant character out of all the girls, and that she had the power to make the girls do what she wanted them to do. In this scene, Abigail is telling the girls not to say anything about what went on in the woods. She knows that there is a possibility that the girls may say something, so she tries her best to scare the girls into not saying anything. Abigail creates her intimidating presence by standing upright with a straight back and her head lifted upwards so that she is looking down her nose at the other girls. She never breaks eye contact with the person that she is talking to, showing her higher status and her power. Abby rarely raised her voice, and she spoke in a calm tone even when she was threatening the girls. I thought this worked well, but if I were to play the part of Abigail in this scene I would try to raise my voice when threatening the girls, to make more of an impact. We will write a custom essay on The Crucible Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Brigid played her role very well, as she was Mercy Lewis, and she showed her fear for Abigail very well, as she spoke in a small voice, showing that she didnt want to speak loudly in case any of the adults heard her. When Abby was talking to her, she used little hand movements to show that she was nervous. She tried not to make eye contact with Abigail and when she did make eye contact, she looked away quickly showing that she was intimidated by Abigail. Laura was playing the role of Betty. For the first part of the scene she lay perfectly still on the bed, which bought a sense of mystery to the scene. Whilst Abigail, Mercy and Mary were talking, Betty starts whimpering and screaming and the other girls dont know what to do with her. The whole scene got frantic at this point, and Laura used her voice well as she was screaming at the top of her lungs I want my mama. This showed that Betty was very scared of what had happened, and of Abigail. When Abigail tried to touch her, she threw her arms in the air showing that she didnt want to be touched at all. Laura shouts her lines, in a strong and distressed voice and when she tells Abigail what they had all done, Abigail hits her across the face and Betty collapses on the bed crying. This again shows Abigails power over all the girls and Betty lies on the bed again, sobbing to herself. This shows the audience that Betty is scared of getting up again in case Abigail will be there when she does.